Shadow enhancers: Frequently asked questions about distributed cis‐regulatory information and enhancer redundancy

S Barolo - Bioessays, 2012 - Wiley Online Library
Bioessays, 2012Wiley Online Library
This paper, in the form of a frequently asked questions page (FAQ), addresses outstanding
questions about “shadow enhancers”, quasi‐redundant cis‐regulatory elements, and their
proposed roles in transcriptional control. Questions include: What exactly are shadow
enhancers? How many genes have shadow/redundant/distributed enhancers? How
redundant are these elements? What is the function of distributed enhancers? How modular
are enhancers? Is it useful to study a single enhancer in isolation? In addition, a revised …
Abstract
This paper, in the form of a frequently asked questions page (FAQ), addresses outstanding questions about “shadow enhancers”, quasi‐redundant cis‐regulatory elements, and their proposed roles in transcriptional control. Questions include: What exactly are shadow enhancers? How many genes have shadow/redundant/distributed enhancers? How redundant are these elements? What is the function of distributed enhancers? How modular are enhancers? Is it useful to study a single enhancer in isolation? In addition, a revised definition of “shadow enhancers” is proposed, and possible mechanisms of shadow enhancer function and evolution are discussed.
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